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Robert II, Archbishop of Rouen (bef. 989–1037),〔At that point in time the marriage of a secular Bishop was recognized, if not the usual practice. See: Douglas, ''William the Conqueror'' (1964), p. 119 n. 1〕 and Count of Évreux was a powerful and influential prelate, and a family member of and supporter of five dukes of Normandy. ==Life== Robert was a son of Richard I, Duke of Normandy and his second wife, Gunnora.〔Detlev Schwennicke, ''Europäische Stammtafeln: Stammtafeln zur Geschichte der Europäischen Staaten'', Neue Folge, Band II (Marburg, Germany: Verlag von J. A. Stargardt, 1984), Tafel 79〕 He was a younger brother of duke Richard II and uncle of duke Robert I.〔 He had been appointed Archbishop of Rouen by his father and had been given the countship of Évreux at the same time.〔David Crouch, ''The Normans; The History of a Dynasty'' (London & New York: Hambledon Continuum, 2007), p. 21〕 Robert was well aware he was destined for the church and seemingly accepted his role as both archbishop and count willingly.〔David Crouch, ''The Normans; The History of a Dynasty'' (London & New York: Hambledon Continuum, 2007), p. 41〕 But he had always been involved in Norman politics and was a powerful adherent of the Norman dukes.〔David C. Douglas, ''William the Conqueror'' (Berkeley & Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1964), p. 119〕 Robert had proved himself a powerful ecclesiastical ally of his father, Richard I, as well as his brother, Richard II, and at the latter's death effectively became the senior male adviser to the ducal clan.〔''The Normans in Europe'', Trans. & Ed. Elisabeth van Houts (Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 2000), p. 22〕 But his nephew Richard III had a turbulent and short reign of just over a year and when replaced by his brother Robert I, as Duke of Normandy, the prelate Robert had a great deal of trouble restraining the new duke.〔David C. Douglas, ''William the Conqueror'' (Berkeley & Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1964), p. 32〕 In 1028 he found himself besieged and then banished by his young nephew.〔 Duke Robert I then besieged Hugh d'Ivry, Bishop of Bayeux who, along with Archbishop Robert had apparently questioned his authority as duke.〔François Neveux, ''The Normans'', Trans. Howard Curtis (London: Constable & Robinson, Ltd., 2008), p. 100〕 From exile in France, Archbishop Robert excommunicated his nephew Duke Robert and placed Normandy under an interdict.〔 The Archbishop and Duke finally came to terms and to facilitate the lifting of the interdict and excommunication, Duke Robert restored the Archbishop to his see, to his countship of Evereux, and returned all his properties.〔François Neveux, ''The Normans'', Trans. Howard Curtis (London: Constable & Robinson, Ltd., 2008), p. 102〕 To further illustrate his change of heart towards the church, Duke Robert restored property that he or his vassals had confiscated, and by 1034 had returned all church properties including those taken from Fécamp Abbey.〔 By 1033 Duke Robert was mounting a major campaign against his double cousin Alan III, Duke of Brittany.〔David Crouch, ''The Normans; The History of a Dynasty'' (London & New York: Hambledon Continuum, 2007), p. 52〕 He and Alan had been raiding back and forth but finally a peace was negotiated between them by the returned Archbishop Robert, their mutual uncle.〔 In his last years Robert, realizing his past mistakes, began giving freely to the poor and undertook to rebuild the cathedral church at Rouen.〔Ordericus Vitalis, ''The Ecclesiastical History of England and Normandy'', Trans. Thomas Forester, Vol. II (, London: Henry G. Bohn, 1854), p.160〕 in 1035 Duke Robert had decided on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem.〔''The Gesta Normannorum Ducum of William of Jumièges, Orderic Vitalis, and Robert of Torigni'', Ed. & Trans. Elizabeth M.C. Van Houts, Vol. I (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1992), pp. 80-5〕 After making his illegitimate son William his heir and arranging for the archbishop to watch over and protect young William, Duke Robert set out on his pilgrimage never to return to Normandy.〔 Archbishop Robert fulfilled his promise and effectively ruled Normandy as regent for William〔 until Robert's death in 1037, which almost immediately caused an increase in lawlessness in Normandy.〔David C. Douglas, ''William the Conqueror'' (Berkeley & Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1964), p. 164〕 Orderic Vitalis relates of a richly illustrated great psalter given to Archbishop Robert by his sister Queen Emma, wife of king Æthelred.〔Ordericus Vitalis, ''The Ecclesiastical History of England and Normandy'', Trans. Thomas Forester, Vol. I (London: Henry G. Bohn, 1853), pp. 401-2〕 In a catalog of books in the Cathedral of Rouen created during the twelfth century, a reference was found to a particular book, the ''Benedictionarius Roberti archiepiscopi'', which was given to the church of Rouen by Archbishop Robert of Normandy. Since that time it became the property of the city of Rouen, where it is preserved (No. 27) as the ''Benedictional of Æthelgar'', possibly for the prayers it contained at the end for the coronation of the Anglo-Saxon kings and queens.〔A description of this ''benedictionarius'' is found in: John Gage, ''A description of a benedictional, or pontifical, called "Benedictionarius Roberti archi-episcopi", an illuminated manuscript of the tenth century, in the public library at Rouen; communicated as an accompaniment to St. Æthelwold's benedictional'' (London, 1832).〕〔M.J.B Silvestre, ''Universal Palaeography: Latin writing of modern Europe'', Trans. & Ed. Frederic Madden, Vol. II (London: Henry G. Bohn, 1849), p. 630〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Robert II (archbishop of Rouen)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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